PHOSPHORUS IN MAGNETITIC IRON ORES: OCCURRENCE, PROCESSING CHALLENGES, AND SEPARATION STRATEGIES.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/nbb7zk42Keywords:
Magnetitic iron ore; Phosphorus; Apatite; Dephosphorization; Iron ore beneficiation; FlotationAbstract
Phosphorus remains one of the most problematic impurities in iron ore processing because it degrades steel ductility, cold-workability, weldability, and fracture resistance. High-phosphorus magnetitic iron ores occur in several regions worldwide, including China, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Russia, and parts of Africa, where apatite, fluorapatite, and other phosphate minerals may occur as disseminated gangue phases, fine intergrowths, composite particles, or inclusions associated with iron-bearing minerals. Despite decades of investigation, phosphorus removal remains challenging because dephosphorization efficiency depends not only on the beneficiation route selected but also on mineralogical texture, liberation behavior, particle-size distribution, and surface chemistry. This review critically evaluates the modes of occurrence of phosphorus in magnetite iron ores and compares physical, flotation, thermal, thermochemical, hydrometallurgical, and integrated dephosphorization strategies. Particular attention is given to the relationship between mineralogical characteristics and beneficiation performance, including phosphorus removal efficiency, iron recovery, energy demand, reagent consumption, and technological maturity. The review also discusses industrial limitations, scale-up constraints, environmental implications, and the lack of integrated geometallurgical approaches in the literature. The analysis demonstrates that flotation remains the dominant beneficiation route, although its effectiveness decreases substantially in ores containing finely disseminated apatite and complex intergrowth textures. Integrated beneficiation circuits that combine mineralogical characterization, selective liberation, and hybrid processing routes appear more promising for industrial implementation.
Downloads
References
1. Angelopoulos, P. M., Yang, X. S., Anastassakis, G., Koukoulis, N., Christakopoulos, P., & Taxiarchou, M. (2025). Multiscale flotation testing for the recovery of REE-bearing fluorapatite from a Finnish carbonatite complex deposit using conventional collectors and lignin nanoparticles. Minerals, 15(6), 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15060614.
2. Apukhtina, O. B., Kamenetsky, V. S., Ehrig, K., Kamenetsky, M. B., McPhie, J., Maas, R., Meffre, S., Goemann, K., Rodemann, T., Cook, N. J., & Ciobanu, C. L. (2016). Postmagmatic magnetite–apatite assemblage in mafic intrusions: A case study of dolerite at Olympic Dam, South Australia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 171(1), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1215-7.
3. Baranov, L. N., & Tolstov, A. V. (2026). The features and genesis of rock-forming minerals in apatite–magnetite ores of the Tomtor massif, Northern Siberia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 68(1), 108–129. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075701524600580.
4. Birinci, M. (2021). ENRICHMENT OF APATITE-BEARING IRON ORE BY MAGNETIC SEPARATION AND FLOTATION. European Journal of Technique (EJT), 11(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.36222/ejt.866718.
5. Broughm, S. G., Hanchar, J. M., Tornos, F., Westhues, A., & Attersley, S. (2017). Mineral chemistry of magnetite from magnetite-apatite mineralization and their host rocks: Examples from Kiruna, Sweden, and El Laco, Chile. Mineralium Deposita, 52(8), 1223–1244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0718-.
6. Cai, X., Qian, G., Zhang, B., Chen, Q., & Hu, C. (2018). Selective liberation of high-phosphorous oolitic hematite assisted by microwave processing and acid leaching. Minerals, 8(6), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8060245.
7. Chen, C., Zhang, Y., Zou, K., & Zhang, F. (2023a). Flotation dephosphorization of high-phosphorus oolitic ore. Minerals, 13(12), 1485..
8. Chen, Y.-H., Lan, T.-G., Gao, W., Shu, L., Tang, Y.-W., & Hu, H.-L. (2023b). In-situ texture and geochemistry of apatite from the Jinling and Zhangjiawa iron skarn deposits, eastern North China Craton: Implications for ore-forming processes and formation of high-grade ores. Ore Geology Reviews, 158, Article 105483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105483.
9. Childress, T. M. (2016). Iron oxide-apatite and iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Insights from apatite trace element geochemistry and experimental partitioning studies (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States). University of Michigan Deep Blue Repository. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/133219.
10. Derqaoui, M., Aarab, I., Abidi, A., Yaacoubi, A., El Amari, K., Etahiri, A., & Bacaoui, A. (2022). Review of the reagents used in the direct flotation of phosphate ores. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(1), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09293-4.
11. Donskoi, E., Poliakov, A., Petersen, J., & Suthers, S. (2022). Ultrasonic treatment of high phosphorus Australian iron ore fines. Minerals Engineering, 189, Article 107914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107914.
12. Ghazi, J. M., J., Harris, C., Rahgoshay, M., & Moazzen, M. (2019). Combined igneous and hydrothermal source for the Kiruna-type Bafq magnetite-apatite deposit in Central Iran: Trace element and oxygen isotope studies of magnetite. Ore Geology Reviews, 105, 590–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.01.00.
13. Gong, M., Gao, X., Ji, G., Zhou, Y., Wang, W., & Sohn, I. (2025). A new iron recovery and dephosphorization approach from unroasted high-phosphorus oolitic hematite ore via a facile chemical beneficiation process. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, e3159. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.3159
14. He, X.-F., Santosh, M., Tsunogae, T., & Malaviarachchi, S. P. K. (2018). Magnetite-apatite deposit from Sri Lanka: Implications on Kiruna-type mineralization associated with ultramafic intrusion and mantle metasomatism. American Mineralogist, 103(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-62.
15. Heidarian, H., Lentz, D. R., Alirezaei, S., Peighambari, S., & Hall, D. (2016). Using the chemical analysis of magnetite to constrain various stages in the formation and genesis of the Kiruna-type Chadormalu magnetite-apatite deposit, Bafq district, Central Iran. Mineralogy and Petrology, 110(6), 927–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-016-0440-8.
16. Hosseini, K., Hezarkhani, A., & Mokhtari, M. A. A. (2022). Origin of mineralizing fluids in the Choghart magnetite-apatite deposit, Central Iran: Constraints from fluid inclusions, stable isotopes, and geochronology. Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 30(3), 593–612. https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_41515.html?lang=en.
17. Hu, M., Zhu, D., Pan, J., Guo, Z., Yang, C., Li, S., & Cao, W. (2025). Efficient dephosphorization and enhanced iron grain growth of high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore via direct reduction and sodium sulfate-assisted magnetic separation. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, 11(8), 3043–3058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-00987-.
18. Hu, M., Zhu, D., Pan, J., Guo, Z., Yang, C., Li, S., & Cao, W. (2025b). Efficient removal of impurities from refractory oolitic magnetite concentrate via high-pressure alkaline leaching and ultrasonic acid leaching process. Minerals, 15(3), 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030220 (m.
19. Hu, M., Zhu, D., Pan, J., Guo, Z., Yang, C., Li, S., & Cao, W. (2025c). Fe–P alloy production from high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore via efficient pre-reduction and smelting separation. Minerals, 15(8), 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080778.
20. Hu, T., Robbins, L. J., Konhauser, K. O., Liu, L., Bishop, B. A., Chi, G., & Xu, L. (2025d). Apatite and magnetite as probes into dissimilatory iron reduction in banded iron formations. Chemical Geology, 678, Article 122676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.122676
21. Huang, X.-W., & Beaudoin, G. (2019). Textures and chemical compositions of magnetite from iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) and Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits and their implications for ore genesis and magnetite classification schemes. Economic Geology, 114(5), 953–979. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4651.
22. Ivanyuk, G. Y., Kalashnikov, A. O., Pakhomovsky, Y. A., Mikhailova, J. A., Yakovenchuk, V. N., Bazai, A. V., Sokharev, V. A., Konopleva, N. G., & Elizarova, I. R. (2016). Economic minerals of the Kovdor baddeleyite-apatite-magnetite deposit, Russia: Mineralogy, spatial distribution and ore processing optimization. Ore Geology Reviews, 77, 279–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.02.008
23. Ji, G., Gao, X., Wang, W., Zhou, Y., & Sohn, I. (2024a). Separation of iron and phosphorus from high-phosphorus oolitic hematite using direct reduction and magnetic separation. In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2024 (pp. 253–264). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50304-7_12.
24. Ji, G., Xiao, C., Gao, X., Zhou, Y., Sohn, I. L., Ueda, S., & Wang, W. (2024b). Migration behavior of iron and phosphorus during gas-based reduction for high-phosphorus iron ore. Minerals Engineering, 213, Article 108765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108765
25. Kalashnikov, A. O., Yakovenchuk, V. N., Pakhomovsky, Y. A., Bazai, A. V., Sokharev, V. A., Konopleva, N. G., Mikhailova, J. A., Goryainov, P. M., & Ivanyuk, G. Y. (2016). Scandium of the Kovdor baddeleyite–apatite–magnetite deposit (Murmansk Region, Russia): Mineralogy, spatial distribution, and potential resource. Ore Geology Reviews, 72, 532–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.08.017
26. Karimzadeh, S., Ahmadian, J., Hosseinzadeh, M. R., & Mokhtari, M. A. A. (2023). Geochemistry of color-zoned apatite from the Chadormalu iron oxide-apatite deposit, Central Iran: Insights into REE mobility during hydrothermal alteration. Geochemistry, 83(4), Article 126021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2023.12602.
27. Krolop, P., Jantschke, A., Gilbricht, S., Niiranen, K., & Seifert, T. (2019). Mineralogical imaging for characterization of the Per Geijer apatite iron ores in the Kiruna district, northern Sweden: A comparative study of mineral liberation analysis and Raman imaging. Minerals, 9(9), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/min909054.
28. Krolop, P., Niiranen, K., Gilbricht, S., & Seifert, T. (2022). Process mineralogical assessment of the grinding products of the Per Geijer iron oxide-apatite deposits. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 43(8), 1014–1020. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2021.202351.
29. La Cruz, N. L. (2019). Using the geochemistry of magnetite and apatite to gain insights into the genesis of Kiruna-type ore deposits and for exploration in densely covered terrains (Doctoral dissertation)..
30. La Cruz, N. L. (2020). The geochemistry of apatite from iron oxide-apatite deposits and their implications for ore genesis (Master’s thesis, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile). Repositorio Académico de la Universidad de Chile. https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/178555.
31. La Cruz, N. L., Simon, A. C., Wolf, A. S., Reich, M., Barra, F., & Gagnon, J. E. (2019). The geochemistry of apatite from the Los Colorados iron oxide–apatite deposit, Chile: Implications for ore genesis. Mineralium Deposita, 54(8), 1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00861-z.
32. Li, W., Yu, Y., Sun, Y., & Li, Y. (2025a). Efficient iron recovery and dephosphorization from high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore: Process optimization and mineralogy. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13(6), Article 116383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.116383.
33. Li, X., Xu, C., Zheng, J., Shen, H., Shen, A. H., & Zhang, Q. (2025b). Crystallography of oriented magnetite inclusions in apatite. Mineralogical Magazine, advance online publication, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2025.10155.
34. Mao, M., Rukhlov, A. S., Rowins, S. M., Spence, J., & Coogan, L. A. (2016). Apatite trace element compositions: A robust new tool for mineral exploration. Economic Geology, 111(5), 1187–1222. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.5.1187
35. Mitrofanova, G. V., Pospelova, Y. P., & Sedinin, D. F. (2023). Processability of fine-grained magnetite–apatite ore mill tailings at Kovdor deposit. Journal of Mining Science, 59(5), 813–820. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739123050137.
36. Mondal, R. (2017). Studies on beneficiation and dephosphorization of high phosphorus iron ores (Master’s thesis). Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India. http://20.198.91.3:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8524/1/M.Sc%28Geological%20Science%29%20Rajdeep%20Mondal.pdf.
37. Nie, L., Fan, Y., Zhou, T., Zhang, L., White, N. C., & Qin, H. (2017). Geology, geochemistry and genesis of the Makou magnetite-apatite deposit in the Luzong volcanic basin, Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt, Eastern China. Sedimentary Geology, 361, 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.10.003.
38. Zhou, Z., Zhang, X., Li, W., Gao, P., Han, Y., Li, Y., & Liu, J. (2024). An innovation for strengthen iron extraction from phosphorus-bearing refractory iron ore via suspension magnetization roasting and flotation. Advanced Powder Technology, 35(4), 104382..
39. Ofoegbu, S. U. (2019). Characterization studies on Agbaja iron ore: A high-phosphorus content ore. SN Applied Sciences, 1(3), Article 204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0218-9.
40. Ofoegbu, S. U. (2019). Technological challenges of phosphorus removal in high-phosphorus ores: Sustainability implications and possibilities for greener ore processing. Sustainability, 11(23), 6787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236787 .
41. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n7.
42. Pan, J., Lu, S., Li, S., Zhu, D., Guo, Z., Shi, Y., & Dong, T. (2022). A new route to upgrading the high-phosphorus oolitic hematite ore by sodium magnetization roasting, magnetic separation, acid and alkaline leaching process. Minerals, 12(5), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050568
43. Pereira, A. C. (2026). Improving filterability of hydroxide precipitates in hydrometallurgical hydrolysis processes: A critical review. IKR Publishers. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2009896.
44. Pereira, A. C., & Papini, R. M. (2015). Processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore: A review. REM: Revista Escola de Minas, 68(3), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672014680202.
45. Pietruszka, D. K., Hanchar, J. M., Tornos, F., Wirth, R., Graham, N. A., Severin, K. P., Velasco, F., Steele-MacInnis, M., & Bain, W. M. (2023). Magmatic immiscibility and the origin of magnetite-(apatite) iron deposits. Nature Communications, 14, Article 8424. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43655-8.
46. Prokopyev, I. R., Doroshkevich, A. G., Redina, A. A., & Obukhov, A. V. (2018). Magnetite-apatite-dolomitic rocks of Ust-Chulman (Aldan shield, Russia): Seligdar-type carbonatites? Mineralogy and Petrology, 112(2), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-017-0534-y.
47. Rodríguez-Mustafa, M. A., Simon, A. C., del Real, I., Thompson, J. F. H., Bilenker, L. D., Barra, F., Bindeman, I., & Caldwell, D. (2020). A continuum from iron oxide copper-gold to iron oxide-apatite deposits: Evidence from Fe and O stable isotopes and trace element chemistry of magnetite. Economic Geology, 115(7), 1443–1459. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4752.
48. Ruan, Y., He, D., & Chi, R. (2019). Review on beneficiation techniques and reagents used for phosphate ores. Minerals, 9(4), 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9040253.
49. Salazar, E. S., Tornos, F., Velasco, F., & Hanchar, J. M. (2024). Trace element geochemistry of magnetite from the Cerro Negro Norte iron oxide–apatite deposit, northern Chile. Ore Geology Reviews, 169, Article 105932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.105932.
50. Shi, K., Wang, C., Bagas, L., Duan, H., Li, H., & Liu, P. (2024). Modified magnetite and hydrothermal apatite in banded iron-formations and their implications for high-grade Fe mineralization during retrogressive metamorphism. American Mineralogist, 109(2), 286–304. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-852.
51. Silva, A. C., Amorim, A. L. S., Schons Silva, E. M., Oliveira Lima, R. V., & Domingues da Mata, C. E. (2020). Flotation tests with a mix of two natural oils as apatite collectors. Material Science & Engineering International Journal, 4(4), 144–147. https://doi.org/10.15406/mseij.2020.04.00117.
52. Sparrow, G. J., Fisher-White, M. J., & Lovel, R. R. (2022). Chemical separation of iron ore. In L. Lu (Ed.), Iron Ore: Mineralogy, Processing and Environmental Sustainability (2nd ed., pp. 111–142). Woodhead Publishing/Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820226-5.00005-7.
53. Suleimen, B., Kosdauletov, N., & Adilov, G. (2025a). Dephosphorization of high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore by prereduction with carbon monoxide followed by smelting. The Open Chemical Engineering Journal, 19, e18741231409126. https://doi.org/10.2174/011874123140912625073110092.
54. Suleimen, B., Kim, S., Lee, J., & Park, Y. (2025b). Behavior of phosphorus during selective reduction of iron from high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore. Materials, 18(17), 4051. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1817405.
55. Tang, H., Qin, Y., & Qi, T. (2016). Phosphorus removal and iron recovery from high-phosphorus hematite using direct reduction followed by melting separation. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 37(4), 236–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2016.1181628.
56. Tornos, F., Hanchar, J. M., Steele-MacInnis, M., Crespo, E., Kamenetsky, V. S., & Casquet, C. (2024). Formation of magnetite-(apatite) systems by crystallizing ultrabasic iron-rich melts and slag separation. Mineralium Deposita, 59(1), 189–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01203-w.
57. Tornos, F., Hanchar, J. M., Muñizaga, R., Velasco, F., & Galindo, C. (2021). The role of the subducting slab and melt crystallization in the formation of magnetite-(apatite) systems, Coastal Cordillera of Chile. Mineralium Deposita, 56(2), 253–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-00959-9.
58. Tornos, F., Velasco, F., & Hanchar, J. M. (2017). The magmatic to magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the El Laco deposit (Chile) and its implications for the genesis of magnetite-apatite deposits. Economic Geology, 112(7), 1595–1628. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2017.4523.
59. Wang, B., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Li, X., & Chen, Z. (2026). Comparative study of metallic iron production from high-phosphorus iron ore through reduction roasting and magnetic separation routes. Materials, 19(8), 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081499.
60. Wu, S., Li, Z., Bo, L., Wei, Y., Zhang, H., Xu, H., Shao, S., & Kou, J. (2026). A study on direct reduction–magnetic separation for dephosphorization of pre-concentrated high-phosphorus iron ore. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-026-3387-.
61. Wu, S., Sun, T., Kou, J., Gao, E., & Xu, H. (2021). Effect of additives on iron recovery and dephosphorization by reduction roasting–magnetic separation of refractory high-phosphorus iron ore. Powder Technology, 398, 117129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.117129.
62. Wu, S., Sun, T., Xu, H., Kou, J., & Liu, X. (2022). A novel and clean utilization of converter sludge by co-reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation to produce direct reduction iron powder. Journal of Cleaner Production, 363, Article 132432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132432.
63. Wu, S., Sun, T., Gao, E., & Kou, J. (2023a). Green and efficient separation of iron and phosphorus from high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore by reduction roasting without a dephosphorization agent. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 176, 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.05.095.
64. Wu, S., Sun, T., Kou, J., Xu, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023b). A new iron recovery and dephosphorization approach from high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore via oxidation roasting-gas-based reduction and magnetic separation process. Powder Technology, 413, Article 118043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118043.
65. Wu, S., Sun, T., & Xu, H. (2023c). A new way to efficient utilization of eggshell waste: As green dephosphorization agent and accelerator for reduction roasting of high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 174, 469–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.03.058.
66. Xiao, J., & Zhou, L. (2019). Increasing iron and reducing phosphorus grades of magnetic-roasted high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore by low-intensity magnetic separation–reverse flotation. Processes, 7(6), 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7060388
67. Xu, H., Li, R., Kou, J., Wen, X., Lin, J., Yin, J., Sun, C., & Sun, T. (2025). Coal-based direct reduction for dephosphorization of high-phosphorus iron ore: A critical review. Minerals, 15(10), 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101067.
68. Yehia, A., Abd El-Halim, S., Sharada, H., Fadel, M., & Ammar, M. (2021). Application of a fungal cellulase as a green depressant of hematite in the reverse anionic flotation of a high-phosphorus iron ore. Minerals Engineering, 167, Article 106903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106903.
69. You, J., Zhang, S., Wu, S., Yan, L., Huang, W., & Rao, M. (2024). Preparation of reduced iron powder from high-phosphorus iron ore: A pilot-scale rotary-kiln investigation. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 45(5), 644–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2023.2227326.
70. Yu, Y., Li, W., Sun, Y., & Li, Y. (2026). Comparison of dephosphorization processes for high-phosphorus oolitic hematite based on MLA mineralogical characteristic analysis. Minerals Engineering, 239, Article 110105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110105.
71. Zhang, X., Zhou, Z., Gao, P., & Han, Y. (2023). Enhanced iron extraction from high-phosphorus waste limonite ore via suspension magnetization roasting: A pilot-scale study. Elsevier Journal of Cleaner Production, 424, Article 138860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138860.
72. Zhao, L.-d., Wu, D.-y., You, X.-m., Deng, X.-j., Zuo, H.-b., She, X.-f., Xue, Q.-g., Wang, G., & Wang, J.-s. (2024). Dephosphorization of high-phosphorus iron ore by direct reduction of hydrogen-rich gases and melting separation. Journal of Central South University, 31(11), 4120–4136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-024-5796-z.
73. Zhou, Z., Zhang, X., Li, W., Gao, P., Han, Y., Li, Y., & Liu, J. (2024). An innovation for strengthening iron extraction from phosphorus-bearing refractory iron ore via suspension magnetization roasting and flotation. Elsevier Advanced Powder Technology, 35(4), Article 104382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2024.104382
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonio Clareti Pereira (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
